Graham

GHC · NYSE · Consumer Discretionary · Financials, fiscal 2016 to 2025

GHC · Last close · October 26, 2026

$1,197.20

Graham's revenue rose 2.5% to $4.9 billion in fiscal 2025. Its operating margin was 4.8%, up from 4.5% a year earlier. Free cash flow was $275 million, down 15.1%. It paid out $35 million in dividends and buybacks, 13% of free cash flow. The diluted share count fell 0.7%.

GRAHAM HOLDINGS CO Latest fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 10-K filed February 25, 2026 · 0001628280-26-011405 Updated October 9, 2026

Revenue

$4.9B

2.5%

Operating margin

4.8%

0.3 pts

Net income

$292M

59.7%

Free cash flow

$275M

15.1%

Return on capital

3.1%

0.2 pts

Market cap

$5.3B

Oct 26 close

P/E

18.0x

On $66.47 EPS, FY25

Operating margin is operating income as a share of revenue. Free cash flow is cash from operations minus capital spending. Return on capital is after-tax operating income as a share of the money invested in the business: debt plus equity, minus cash. Market cap is the last closing share price times the latest diluted share count, so it is approximate. P/E is the last close divided by diluted earnings per share over the last four quarters, or the latest fiscal year where the quarters aren't available; there is none when the company made a loss.

Charts show fiscal years, from the 10-K filings.

Revenue and margins

Revenue

US$ billions, fiscal years

Margins

Percent of revenue

GrossOperatingNetFree cash flow

Net income and earnings per share

From fiscal 2016 to 2025, earnings per share grew 9.3% a year and net income 6.3% a year, as buybacks cut the share count by 21%.

Net income

US$ billions, fiscal years; loss years in red.

Diluted earnings per share

US$ per share, fiscal years, restated for any stock splits; loss years in red.

Returns on capital

Return on capital and on equity

Percent. Return on capital is after-tax operating income over the money invested in the business (debt plus equity, minus cash); return on equity is net income over shareholders' equity. Both use the average of opening and closing balances.

Return on capitalReturn on equity

Cash flow

Free cash flow

US$ billions. Cash from operations minus capital expenditure; negative years in red.

Payouts and share count

Dividends and buybacks

US$ billions, cash paid in each fiscal year

DividendsShare buybacks

Diluted share count

Weighted-average diluted shares, millions

Valuation

Two ways to value Graham yourself, both starting from its filings: a discounted cash flow model and the price-to-earnings method.

Discounted cash flow (DCF)

A discounted cash flow (DCF) model values a business as the cash it may generate in future, discounted back to today. The starting figures come from Graham's 10-K and the assumptions are yours: start from one of three example scenarios, then change any figure to see what it implies for a share, and how that compares with the last share price.

Value per share on three example scenarios, from Graham's fiscal 2025 free cash flow of $275M, net cash of −$638M at December 31, 2025 and 4 million diluted shares, from its filings. The scenarios are fitted to Graham: the base scenario's growth in years 1 to 5 is its revenue growth over the last 3 years, 7.8% a year; the cautious and optimistic ones are lower and higher, and growth in years 6 to 10 is halfway to the long-run rate. The base scenario's discount rate is 10%: 9% for a business of moderate risk (Education Services), plus 1 point as a smaller company, worth $5.3B; the cautious and optimistic ones use a point more and a point less. Select one to load it into the calculator. These are the model's arithmetic on those assumptions, not a forecast or a price target.

From the filings

Starting free cash flow, US$ millions

Cash from operations minus capital spending in fiscal 2025.

Net cash, US$ millions Cash and short-term investments minus debt and finance leases at December 31, 2025. Negative means net debt.

Diluted shares, millions Weighted-average diluted shares in fiscal 2025.

Your assumptions

Start from

Fitted to Graham's own revenue growth, as above. Cautious: growth of 4% then 3% a year, 2% after year 10, a 11% discount rate. Base: growth of 8% then 5% a year, 2.5% after year 10, a 10% discount rate. Optimistic: growth of 11.5% then 7% a year, 3% after year 10, a 9% discount rate.

Free cash flow growth, years 1 to 5 (% a year)

Free cash flow growth, years 6 to 10 (% a year)

Growth after year 10 (% a year)Long-run growth forever after year 10. Usually close to inflation, and always below the discount rate.

Discount rate (% a year)The yearly return an investor wants for the risk. A higher rate gives a lower value.

Value per share on these assumptions

—

Last close, October 26, 2026: $1,197.20
Value on these assumptions, against the last close: —

Cash flows in years 1 to 10, valued today: —
Everything after year 10, valued today: —
Plus net cash: —
Share of value from after year 10: —

Projected free cash flow

US$ billions. Each column is one year's projected free cash flow, split into what it is worth today and the part removed by discounting.

Value todayRemoved by discounting

How the value changes with two assumptions

Value per share in US$, with the growth rates above. The highlighted cell matches the current assumptions.

How the model works. Free cash flow grows at the first rate for five years and the second rate for five more, and each year is discounted at the discount rate. Everything after year 10 is valued as year-10 cash flow × (1 + growth after year 10) ÷ (discount rate − growth after year 10), discounted back ten years. Net cash is added and the total is divided by diluted shares. The result depends entirely on the assumptions. It is not a forecast, a price target or a recommendation. The last close is the consolidated US closing price, from Databento.

Price-to-earnings (P/E) method

Another common way to value a company is to multiply its earnings per share by a price-to-earnings (P/E) multiple: the number of years of today's earnings an investor pays for a share. A higher multiple usually means investors expect earnings to grow. Choose a multiple, for example from similar companies, to see the value it gives.

Value per share on three example scenarios, from Graham's earnings per share of $66.47 (in fiscal 2025). Each grows earnings for a year at the cash flow scenarios' rates and applies a multiple to next year's earnings: 17.7×, the middle of Graham's own P/E today, its peers' median and its sector's median (the Consumer Discretionary median) for the base scenario, 20% less and more for the cautious and optimistic ones. The price is brought back a year at 11%, 10% and 9%. Select one to load it into the calculator. These are the model's arithmetic on those assumptions, not a forecast or a price target.

Earnings per share, US$ Diluted earnings per share in fiscal 2025, from the 10-K.

P/E multiple

P/E today is the last close divided by the latest earnings per share, the four quarters' where available. Peers: Stride, Covista, Laureate Education, Strategic Education.

Earnings growth in the years ahead (% a year) Starts at Graham's revenue growth over the last 3 years, 7.8% a year, as the base scenario does.

Earnings per share in the years ahead, US$

Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5

Type your own estimate for any year; the years after it carry on at the growth rate.

Apply the multiple to earnings

A multiple on a future year's earnings gives the price then, brought back to today at the discount rate below.

Discount rate (% a year) The yearly return an investor wants for the risk, as in the cash flow model.

Value per share today at this multiple

—

Last close, October 26, 2026: $1,197.20
Value at this multiple, against the last close: —
Graham's P/E at the last close: 18.0×

Company	Last close	Earnings per share	P/E today
CovistaCVSA	$131.55	$7.04	18.7×
GrahamGHC	$1,197.20	$66.47	18.0×
Laureate EducationLAUR	$38.47	$2.21	17.4×
Strategic EducationSTRA	$81.19	$5.99	13.6×
StrideLRN	$78.42	$7.25	10.8×

How the P/E method works. Value per share is earnings per share times the multiple. On a future year's earnings, that gives the price in that year, which is brought back to today at the discount rate: price ÷ (1 + discount rate) for each year ahead. It is quick and easy to compare across companies, but it ignores debt and cash, and earnings can swing with one-off gains and charges, so a multiple says most about steady, profitable businesses. Like the cash flow model, the result depends entirely on the assumptions you choose. It is not a forecast, a price target or a recommendation.

Balance sheet

Fiscal year end	FY21	FY22	FY23	FY24	FY25
Cash and short-term investments	146	169	170	261	267
Debt incl. finance leases	668	740	836	771	905
Net debt (negative means net cash)	522	571	666	510	638
Net debt to EBITDA	2.5x	2.6x	3.2x	1.5x	1.8x
Debt to equity	0.1x	0.2x	0.2x	0.2x	0.2x
Interest coverage	2.3x	1.5x	1.1x	1.2x	2.0x
Current ratio	1.6x	1.5x	1.5x	1.8x	1.8x
Quick ratio	1.5x	1.3x	1.3x	1.5x	1.5x

US$ millions unless stated, at each fiscal year end. Net debt to EBITDA is debt minus cash, divided by operating income before depreciation and amortization: roughly how many years of those earnings the net debt equals. Debt to equity is debt as a multiple of shareholders' equity. Interest coverage is operating income divided by interest expense. The current ratio is current assets over current liabilities; the quick ratio leaves out inventory.

Insider trades

No officer, director or 10% owner of Graham reported buying or selling its shares on the open market between October 27, 2025 and October 26, 2026.

From Form 4 filings with the SEC. Grants, option exercises and shares withheld for tax aren't counted. Insider trades at all companies

Piotroski F-score

The F-score counts how many of nine simple tests of profitability, funding and efficiency a company passed in a year (Piotroski, 2000). The more tests passed, the stronger the year: 8 or 9 is strong, 0 to 2 weak. Companies that report no gross profit are scored on the other eight.

Test	FY23	FY24	FY25
Net income is positive	Pass	Pass	Pass
Cash from operations is positive	Pass	Pass	Pass
Return on assets rose	Pass	Pass	Fail
Cash from operations exceeds net income	Pass	Fail	Pass
Debt fell relative to assets	Fail	Pass	Fail
Current ratio rose	Pass	Pass	Pass
Share count didn't rise	Pass	Pass	Pass
Gross margin rose	—	—	—
Revenue rose relative to assets	Pass	Fail	Fail
F-score	7 of 8	6 of 8	5 of 8
Accruals ratio	−0.8%	4.3%	−0.7%

The accruals ratio is net income minus cash from operations, over average total assets.

Compare

Put Graham side by side with any other company we cover: revenue, growth, margins, cash flow and returns, with ten years of charts.

Similar companies

Company	Year	Revenue growth	Operating margin	Free cash flow margin	Return on capital	Net debt to EBITDA	F-score	Compare
Graham	FY25	2.5%	4.8%	5.6%	3.1%	1.8x	5
Stride	FY26	4.7%	17.9%	17.2%	31.3%	−0.7x	6	Compare
Covista	FY26	9.3%	19.6%	20.1%	17.0%	0.6x	8	Compare
Laureate Education	FY25	8.6%	25.3%	15.5%	28.6%	−0.0x	8	Compare
Strategic Education	FY25	4.0%	13.7%	12.1%	8.4%	−0.7x	6	Compare

Each company's latest fiscal year. Fiscal years end in different months, so the periods don't line up exactly. Free cash flow margin is free cash flow as a share of revenue. Net debt to EBITDA is explained under the balance sheet, and the F-score above.

10 years of figures

Fiscal year	FY16	FY17	FY18	FY19	FY20	FY21	FY22	FY23	FY24	FY25
Income statement
Revenue	2,482	2,592	2,696	2,932	2,889	3,186	3,924	4,415	4,791	4,912
Revenue growth	−4.0%	4.4%	4.0%	8.8%	−1.5%	10.3%	23.2%	12.5%	8.5%	2.5%
Gross profit	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Research and development	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Operating income	223	136	246	144	100	77	84	69	216	235
Net income	169	302	271	328	300	352	67	205	725	292
Diluted EPS (US$)	29.80	53.89	50.20	61.21	58.13	70.45	13.79	43.82	163.40	66.47
Diluted shares (millions)	6	6	5	5	5	5	5	5	4	4
Cash flow
Cash from operations	261	268	287	165	211	202	236	260	407	347
Capital expenditure	67	60	98	94	70	162	83	93	83	72
Free cash flow	195	208	189	72	141	40	153	166	324	275
Dividends paid	27	28	29	30	30	30	31	31	30	31
Share buybacks	109	51	118	2	162	56	71	193	114	4
Acquisitions	245	300	112	179	20	352	130	78	4	71
Stock-based compensation	13	10	6	6	6	6	6	7	6	6
Balance sheet at fiscal year end
Cash and short-term investments	649	390	253	200	414	146	169	170	261	267
Debt incl. finance leases	486	487	471	431	513	668	740	836	771	905
Total assets	4,433	4,938	4,764	5,931	6,444	7,426	6,553	7,188	7,677	8,396
Total liabilities	1,980	2,018	1,843	2,599	2,666	3,000	2,779	3,162	3,347	3,529
Shareholders' equity	2,453	2,915	2,917	3,319	3,759	4,400	3,731	3,976	4,257	4,794
Margins and ratios
Gross margin	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Operating margin	9.0%	5.3%	9.1%	4.9%	3.5%	2.4%	2.1%	1.6%	4.5%	4.8%
Net margin	6.8%	11.7%	10.1%	11.2%	10.4%	11.1%	1.7%	4.7%	15.1%	6.0%
Free cash flow margin	7.8%	8.0%	7.0%	2.4%	4.9%	1.2%	3.9%	3.8%	6.8%	5.6%
Return on capital	6.8%	5.2%	6.7%	3.3%	2.0%	1.4%	1.1%	1.1%	3.3%	3.1%
Return on equity	6.8%	11.2%	9.3%	10.5%	8.5%	8.6%	1.6%	5.3%	17.6%	6.5%
Return on assets	3.8%	6.5%	5.6%	6.1%	4.8%	5.1%	1.0%	3.0%	9.8%	3.6%
Net debt to EBITDA	−0.5x	0.4x	0.6x	0.9x	0.4x	2.5x	2.6x	3.2x	1.5x	1.8x

US$ millions unless stated. Where a later 10-K restated a year, the latest filed figure is shown. Download all figures (CSV, US$ millions)

Source: Graham's Form 10-K filings, from SEC EDGAR. For information only, not investment advice. The Filing Desk is not affiliated with Graham.